| How to Give Better Presentations
Based on a lecture by Dr. Edward Tufte James Hayes-Bohanan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Geography Revised: June 29, 2004 |
|
| How to Give Better Presentations
Based on a lecture by Dr. Edward Tufte James Hayes-Bohanan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Geography Revised: June 29, 2004 |
|
| This page is meant to
help people of all kinds to make better presentations. This includes students
making presentations in class, professors teaching a class, people presenting
research results, and professionals presenting ideas in a business environment.
The ideas here are based on those presented by Dr. Tufte in his course "Presenting Data and Information" on March 9, 2000 at the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel in Boston. As an indication of how well he implements these ideas, he kept the attention of a crowd of 500 people through FIVE HOURS of lectures. He dimmed the lights and played a lullaby at the end, and nobody fell asleep. Now, THAT is an effective presentation! A few days after I created the site, musician and music professor Livingston Taylor was a guest on WBUR's The Connection. His topic: The Art of Live Performance. Visit the program web site to hear the one-hour program and/or to explore some written material on the subject. Taylor and host Christopher Lydon explore many of the ideas below - especially about respecting one's audience - in the context of musical performance. |
1. Show up early
Showing up early can lead to a variety of improvements in the presentation.
First, it can help the speaker to solve unexpected problems with lighting,
room assignments, equipment, and so forth. Second, people tend to trickle
into meetings, but to leave abruptly, so the time leading up to the presentation
is a good time to get to know at least some of the audience members in advance,
to develop rapport with them, and to promote one's cause (see item 2). It
is also a chance to distribute handouts (see item 4).
2. State the problem
Early in the presentation, the speaker should let the audience know what
problem needs to be addressed, and how the information being presented will
be important in that process.
3. Particular - General - Particular
Give the audience a very specific story or example with which they can identify,
and then show how that relates to a more general concept. Then show them how
that concept can be applied in other particular situations. By presenting
both the general and the specific, a speaker can help motivate the audience
to listen to the presentation (or to read -- this can be applied in written
reports as well).
4. Leave traces
Give everyone in the audience at least one piece of paper, both to jog their
memory later and -- more importantly -- to convey some credibility. For this
reason, the paper should have the speaker's name on it, so that the audience
knows the speaker is holding him- or herself accountable for the information.
The information density of the paper handout can be great. That is, a large amount of information can be included, particularly if it is designed well. See Dr. Tufte's books (below) for suggestions.
5. Match the audience
Think about what the audience reads, and try to match the information density
of that material. That is, if the audience is used to reading high-density
material, do not bore them with cartoons. The opposite is true. As a faculty
member, I would suggest a corrallary rule, which is to encourage students
to increase the level
of the material they read.
6. Avoid overheads, PowerPoint, and bullet lists
This is Professor Tufte's idea, and I am still struggling with it, because
I use all of these. I do not fully agree, but his reason for this suggestion
deserves careful consideration, although it tends to contradict point 5 above.
People have become increasingly accustomed -- perhaps addicted -- to receiving
information in very small packets. Political soundbites, three-column-inch
stories in USA Today, 21-minute television "news" programs, and 30-second
advertisements are just a few examples. Collectively, these contribute to
a softening of analytical abilities a tendency to oversimplify complex problems.
Overuse of bullets can contribute to a tendency to skim over details and complexities.
Providing more nuanced information in writing (see item 4) can help the audience
to probe more deeply.
It is ironic, of course, that Dr. Tufte suggests avoiding lists in presentations,
as part of a list in his presentation. It is good to have foibles!
7. Respect the audience
Do not oversimplify; it shows disdain for the audience. Whatever group is
in front of you (or is reading your written work), it has been winnowed down
from all the world's people by a complicated and elaborate process. This audience
deserves your utmost respect and should be treated with the respect afforded
your peers. Dr. Tufte gave the example of a technical manual he was helping
to edit. One of the authors told him, "We had to dumb this down for Suzie
Secretary." Once Dr. Tufte observed the contempt this writer showed for his
audience, he was better able to understand why the manual was so terrible.He
added that some lawyers lose cases because jury members feel they are being
talked down to.
8. Use humor, but use it wisely
Humor that is carefully woven into a presentation can be like a bell that
the speaker can ring from time to time, keeping the audience's interest building
rapport.
Humor that is disrespectful or reveals prejudices such as racisim, sexism, homophobia, or religious intolerance must, however, be avoided at all costs (see item 7). It can alienate audiences without good reason. Audiences should be alienated only on the basis of the content! (See item 10.)
9. Avoid "he" when referring to people in general
About half of all people are female. The use of Man, he, him, and so forth
to refer to people is alienating, archaic, and imprecise. Some people continue
to use "he" only because of the awkwardness of using constructions such as
"he and/or she" or "one." Although some such constructions are still required
in written work, Dr. Tufte indicates that such constructions as
"Each student should complete their reading."
are acceptable in spoken English, and have been recognized as such by the Oxford English Dictionary for 250 years.
10. Believe the presentation
The presentation will not be convincing if the speaker does not exhibit
conviction. Although it is important to be respectful of the audience, it
is not useful to "soft pedal" or conceal one's views. State the case clearly
and offer the strongest support for it. People can then choose to agree or
disagree on the merits. Step out of the "stage" persona to talk directly
with the audience.
11. Finish early
The greater one's preparation (see item 12), the shorter the presentation
can be. Audiences rarely leave a meeting saying, "That was very good, but
I wish the speaker had gone on for 20 more minutes." Finishing early leaves
more time for questions, and shows appreciation and respect for the time
the audience members have taken to attend.
12. Practice
A good presentation is hard work. Spend time researching, writing, and honing
the presentation. Talk in front of a mirror, a friend, or a pet -- both to
get more relaxed and to reveal redundant or problematic passages.
13. Hydrate
Two of the most dehydrating experiences in modern life are flying in airplanes
and giving presentations (all of that water vapor escaping through the open
mouth really is important). People who fly from place to place giving presentations
or who give presentations often should continually replenish fluids. Water
is best, juice is next best. Alcohol and caffeine cause further dehydration,
and should be offset by even more water. Water is useful during the presentation,
to preserve the voice.
14. CONTENT
Points 1 through 13 are of no value apart from the quality, relevance, and
integrity of the content being presented.